Air Transport: Morocco’s Ambition Faces Sector Realities
Ethiopia has announced the start of construction of the future Bishoftu airport, planned as Africa’s largest with a projected capacity of over 100 million passengers a year. The project is seen as a clear signal of the ongoing reshaping of global air transport, particularly across the continent.
The hub war
In Addis Ababa, the project forms part of a deliberate intercontinental hub strategy designed to support Ethiopian Airlines’ growing role in long‑haul transit and cargo flows.
In Morocco, which also presents itself as a hub, the dynamics are different but equally ambitious. The country wants to boost Royal Air Maroc’s capacity by investing heavily in airport infrastructure and fleet. These efforts are closely tied to a tourism strategy central to its growth model.
However, the question remains: can this aviation ambition translate into financial profitability and budgetary sustainability?
In July 2023, a program contract between Royal Air Maroc and the state set an ambitious roadmap for the national aviation sector through 2037. In 2025, RAM followed up with a tender for 188 aircraft and 60 spare engines, valued at $15 billion.
The plan is complemented by almost $3.8 billion in airport investments announced the same year by ONDA, with state support, under the “Airports 2030” strategy. A key element of the program is a new terminal in Casablanca.
The scale is clear. Morocco is committing nearly 190 billion dirhams to aviation investment in less than a decade, in a sector known for its volatility.
A shift in scale
Royal Air Maroc aims to expand its fleet to 200 aircraft by 2037, up from about 50 today. The program includes more than 100 new international destinations and 46 domestic routes. Passenger traffic is projected to reach 31.6 million, compared with 7.4 million in 2024. Revenues are expected to rise to 94 billion dirhams, against 20 billion in 2024, with a target occupancy rate of 82%, up from 77% in 2024.
Meeting these objectives will require nearly a fivefold increase in Royal Air Maroc’s current revenue, along with continuous reinforcement of the airline and airport operations—arrivals and departures—over the next decade, without major disruptions.
ONDA, for its part, aims to double Morocco’s airport capacity to reach 80 million annual passengers by 2030, by expanding and modernizing airports (especially Casablanca from 14 to 35 million passengers, Marrakech aiming for 14 million, Agadir aiming for 4 million), thus transforming Morocco into a true air hub.
On paper, the fundamentals of Morocco’s aviation sector appear solid. In 2023, according to Oxford Economics and IATA, aviation—including tourism supported by air transport—generated $11.2 billion, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP, and supported 856,000 jobs. Over the past decade, cumulative traffic growth reached 68.1%, above the African average, yet still short of ambitions that call for nearly doubling this rate in just five years, from 35 million passengers in 2025 to 80 million in 2030.
A challenged economic reality?
For Royal Air Maroc, achieving its objectives will be challenging. The airline’s fundamentals rest on a highly specific structure: 93% of its traffic is international, and 85% of flows are directed towards Europe. This makes its economic model heavily dependent on the tourist and economic cycles of European markets.
This dependence was starkly revealed in 2020. The Covid-19 pandemic caused a near-total collapse of global air traffic, plunging Royal Air Maroc into an immediate liquidity crisis. The State intervened with a 6-billion-dirhams rescue plan combining a capital increase and a guaranteed loan. The episode marked a turning point, confirming that the national carrier—because of its strategic and political role—remains a fundamental asset, despite the budgetary risks posed by major exogenous shocks.
The State also intervened—though to a lesser extent—to support private tourism operators, with a 2‑billion‑dirham recovery plan budgeted in 2022.
Since then, RAM’s financial situation has improved, though without structurally transforming its profitability profile—for now. According to the 2026 report from the Directorate of Public Establishments and Enterprises (DEPP), the group posted revenues of 19.9 billion dirhams in 2024, up 1% from 2023. Net profit reached 473 million dirhams, with a margin of 2.37%—the highest in the past decade, yet still insufficient in light of the projected investments.
Debt fell by 21% to 6 billion dirhams, while investments in 2024 amounted to only 291 million dirhams. That same year, the State injected 1.5 billion dirhams in capital, according to the DEPP report—confirming the company’s structural dependence on its public shareholder.
The challenging aviation context
This situation can also be viewed in the broader international context of airline profitability. According to IATA figures for 2024, the global aviation sector was expected to post net profits of around $27–30 billion, corresponding to an average net margin of about 2.6%, with per‑passenger earnings estimated at $2.5–3.
But this average conceals sharp regional disparities. According to IATA, the Middle East recorded the strongest global performance, with net margins of 6–7% and per‑passenger profits of about $29—driven by concentrated intercontinental hubs, massive transit traffic, and high unit revenues. Africa, by contrast, remains the least profitable region, with net margins near 1% and per‑passenger profits limited to $1.3–1.4, constrained by low revenues, high operating costs, and heavy reliance on point‑to‑point international traffic. Even robust traffic or tourism growth alone is insufficient to close this gap.
It is within this context that Morocco’s tourism gamble takes shape. In 2025, tourist arrivals rose by 18%, driven by the post‑pandemic recovery, the relative diversification of source markets, and the visibility generated by international sporting events. This momentum mechanically boosts air demand and underpins the expansion strategies of RAM and airport infrastructure. Yet the key question remains: will this surge in tourist traffic prove sustainable and sufficient to economically justify the investments? In other words, can Morocco’s travel dynamics close the profitability gap with Middle Eastern models—or even within Africa, when compared to a carrier like Ethiopian Airlines?
Structurally unprofitable passenger flows
International experience shows that rising passenger volumes does not automatically translate into proportional profitability. In many cases, it instead intensifies margin pressures driven by higher operating costs, fleet and infrastructure investments, and price competition. IATA further notes that, even globally, the sector’s profitability remains fragile and highly exposed to macroeconomic shocks, geopolitical tensions, energy price volatility, and other sector-specific constraints such as dependence on oligopolies (manufacturers, energy suppliers, airports). At the African level, weak regional integration and costly institutional and fiscal environments add further structural burdens.
A comparison with Ethiopian Airlines further sharpens the analysis. The carrier transported more than 17 million passengers in 2024, relying on a pronounced transit‑hub model, with nearly 80% of travelers on international connections. It has also built a strong freight segment, moving around 750,000 tons annually, which diversifies revenues and cushions shocks to passenger traffic. In 2024, Ethiopian Airlines generated $7 billion in revenue and posted an after‑tax profit of $320 million, corresponding to a profitability of nearly 4.6%.
Conversely, Morocco remains a predominantly point‑to‑point market, with only 9% of passengers in international transit according to IATA figures, and 77,900 tons of air freight handled in 2023 (95,000 tons according to RAM in 2024). This model weighs on profitability levels and proves insufficient to play a stabilizing role in times of crisis.
Freight, a missing link
In other words, Morocco is pursuing an ambitious aviation strategy in a structurally less profitable region, banking on sustained tourism growth and the momentum of international events such as the 2030 World Cup. The wager is not ill‑founded, but it is asymmetric in terms of risks and financial costs. Potential gains are diffuse, spread over time, and dependent on exogenous factors, whereas losses, in the event of a shock, are immediate and borne directly by the public shareholder.
At this stage, the question is not whether Morocco can expand its air traffic—the current tourism dynamics show it can—but whether this growth will suffice to bring Royal Air Maroc closer to the profitability levels seen in the Middle East or among African benchmarks, or whether it will instead translate into a lasting increase in the state’s budgetary exposure to a historically volatile sector.
The answer will depend less on passenger volumes than on Royal Air Maroc’s ability to evolve towards greater diversification, transit traffic, and high‑value‑added revenues—particularly air freight—in an African sky where competition is rapidly intensifying. That will be the challenge of the future.



